Tennessee had one of the worst foster care systems in the country. But after a lawsuit by children’s advocates was settled in 2001, the state made a change. Instead of paying private contractors a fixed fee for each child, the state created a system of severe punishments and incentives.
Beauty Cummings tidies up the living room as her children Lashunta, 7, and Demarius, 10, read a storybook. The Tennessee foster care system rewards agencies that reunite children with their parents. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
Beauty Cummings enjoys an evening chat with her children Demarius, 10, and Lashunta, 7. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
Demarius Cummings, 10, drinks a glass of milk in the kitchen of his home in Memphis, Tenn. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
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Calandra Ayers and her husband, Marvin, belt their adopted twin boys Taylor and Tyler in the family car for a trip to school in suburban Memphis, Tenn. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
Marvin Ayers waters the garden as his 4-year-old adopted twin boys Taylor and Tyler play in the yard of his Memphis, Tenn., home. Marvin and his wife, Calandra, adopted the youngsters from Youth Villages, a performance-based adoption agency. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
Calandra Ayers helps her newly adopted 4-year-old son Tyler brush his teeth. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
Outside her home in suburban Memphis, Tenn., Barbara Borum tries to coax a smile out of her recently adopted son Marshall Jamison, 12. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
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Outside his home in suburban Memphis, Tenn., Tevontae Patrick, 15 shows his newly adopted brother Marshall Jamison, 12, how to grip a football. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)
In a Memphis, Tenn., park, Victoria Wheeler hugs siblings Jasmine, 8, and Ezra, 4. She adopted them from Youth Villages, a performance-based adoption agency in Memphis. (Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times)